The 3 areas of executive function

Not all experts look at executive function in the same way. But many view it as a group of important skills that include:

• Paying attention

• Organizing and planning

• Starting tasks and staying focused on them

• Managing emotions

• Keeping track of what you’re doing

These skills can impact people at home, in the workplace, at school, and in social situations.

The three areas of executive function

According to many experts, the five executive function skills listed above fit under these three umbrellas:

1. Working memory

What it is: The ability to keep information in mind and then use it in some way

Example: An employee might use this skill to hold on to information needed to work on a bigger project, like a presentation or a report.

2. Cognitive flexibility (flexible thinking)

What it is: The ability to think about something in more than one way

Example: A student might use this skill to answer a math problem in two ways or to find relationships between different concepts.

3. Inhibitory control (includes self-control)

What it is: The ability to ignore distractions and resist temptation

Example: A child might use this skill to keep from blurting out an answer in class or to stay seated until dinner is done. Inhibitory control also keeps people from acting impulsively.

Skills related to executive function

Here are some other skills that might be hard for people who struggle with executive function.

Reflection: Reflection is a process that allows people to stop and think before they respond to something. This skill is key for solving problems. The more they practice it, the better adults and kids get at reflection.

Processing speed: People need to go through a reflection process quickly in order to solve problems on time. That’s where processing speed comes in. Some experts view this skill as the engine that drives how well people use executive function skills to solve problems and achieve goals.

Learn how emotions can impact executive function. Find out how kids use executive functions to learn.