The 3 areas of executive function

Not all experts look at executive function in the same way. But many view it as a group of important skills that include:

• Paying attention
• Organizing and planning
• Starting tasks and staying focused on them
• Managing emotions
• Keeping track of what you're doing

These skills can impact kids and adults at home, at school, and in social situations.

The three areas of executive function

According to many experts, all five of those executive functioning skills fit under these three umbrellas:

1. Working memory

What it is: The ability to keep information in mind and then use it in some way

Example: A student might use this skill to read a text on an English test, hold on to the information, and then use it to answer questions.

2. Cognitive flexibility (also known as flexible thinking)

What it is: The ability to think about something in more than one way

Example: A student might use this skill to answer a math problem in two ways or to find relationships between different concepts.

3. Inhibitory control (includes self-control)

What it is: The ability to ignore distractions and resist temptation

Example: A child might use this skill to keep from blurting out an answer in class. It helps kids regulate their emotions and keep from acting impulsively.

Skills related to executive function

Here are some other skills that might be hard for people who struggle with executive function.

Reflection: Reflection is a process that allows people to stop and think before they respond to something. This skill is key for solving problems. The more kids practice reflection, the better they get at it.

Processing speed: Kids need to go through the reflection process quickly to solve problems on time. That’s where processing speed comes in. Some experts view this skill as the engine that drives how well people use executive functioning skills to solve problems and achieve goals.

You might also hear about something called “hot executive function.” This comes into play in situations that aren’t emotionally “neutral.” It helps people manage their emotional reactions. Kids might rely on hot executive function during a spelling bee to keep their excitement or anxiety in check. Others might use it to resist temptation.

Have you heard of the marshmallow test? It's a famous experiment about executive functioning skills. See the marshmallow test in action. Then see what a day in the life of a child with executive functioning challenges is like.